The first Roman incursion into Scotland occurred in 79 AD, when Agricola invaded Scotland he defeated a Caledonian army at the Battle of Mons Graupius in 83 AD. Most of modern Scotland was not incorporated into the Roman Empire with Roman control over the area fluctuating. The first written reference to Scotland was in 320 BC by Greek sailor Pytheas, who called the northern tip of Britain "Orcas", the source of the name of the Orkney islands. Main articles: Scotland during the Roman Empire, Roman Britain, and Pictland The exposed interior of a house at Skara Brae Evidence of sophisticated pre-Christian belief systems is demonstrated by sites such as the Callanish Stones on Lewis and the Maes Howe on Orkney, which were built in the third millennium BC. Neolithic habitation, burial, and ritual sites are particularly common and well preserved in the Northern Isles and Western Isles, where a lack of trees led to most structures being built of local stone. The well-preserved village of Skara Brae on the mainland of Orkney dates from this period. : 9 These settlers began building the first known permanent houses on Scottish soil around 9,500 years ago, and the first villages around 6,000 years ago. At the time, Scotland was covered in forests, had more bog-land, and the main form of transport was by water. It is believed the first post-glacial groups of hunter-gatherers arrived in Scotland around 12,800 years ago, as the ice sheet retreated after the last glaciation. Repeated glaciations, which covered the entire land mass of modern Scotland, destroyed any traces of human habitation that may have existed before the Mesolithic period. Prehistoric Scotland, before the arrival of the Roman Empire, was a complex society. įor a chronological guide, see Timeline of Scottish history. The continued existence of legal, educational, religious and other institutions distinct from those in the remainder of the UK have all contributed to the continuation of Scottish culture and national identity since the 1707 incorporating union with England. The legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law. Within Scotland, the monarchy has continued to use various styles, titles and other royal symbols of statehood specific to the pre-union Kingdom of Scotland. Scotland is a member of the British–Irish Council, the British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly and the Heads of Government Council. Scotland is represented in the United Kingdom Parliament by 59 members of parliament (MPs). The head of the Scottish Government is the first minister. In 1999, a Scottish Parliament was re-established, in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members, having authority over many areas of domestic policy. Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with the Kingdom of England on to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain, with the Parliament of Scotland subsumed into the Parliament of Great Britain. In 1603, James VI inherited England and Ireland, forming a personal union of the three kingdoms. The Kingdom of Scotland emerged in the 9th century, from the merging of the Gaelic Kingdom of Dál Riata and the Kingdom of the Picts, and continued to exist as an independent sovereign state until 1707. Most of the population, including the capital Edinburgh, is concentrated in the Central Belt-the plain between the Scottish Highlands and the Southern Uplands-in the Scottish Lowlands. Scotland is divided into 32 administrative subdivisions and contains more than 790 islands, principally in the archipelagos of the Hebrides and the Northern Isles. Scotland's only land border is a 96-mile (154-kilometre) border with England to the southeast and is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, the North Sea to the northeast and east, and the Irish Sea to the south. Covering the northern third of the island of Great Britain, Scotland is the second-largest country in the United Kingdom, and accounted for 8.3% of the population in 2012. Scotland ( Scots: Scotland Scottish Gaelic: Alba ( listen)) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. scot is not a ccTLD, but a GeoTLD, open to use by all with a connection to Scotland or Scottish culture.uk as part of the United Kingdom is also used.
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